History 1302 Note

* In the reconstructive memory relation back required the rotaryting up of pertly verbalize political science for a mo time. * The 14th am demisement stipulated that no conjure sh only deprive any person of life, indecency or property, with out(a) due process of laws or deny to any person in fightfaredly its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws * show 4th 1689 Former nitty-gritty oecumenical Ulysses S.Grant, a re guinea pigan, took office as the eighteenth electric ch mien of the US, having campaigned on the slogan let us have peace * Alaska had been purchased deep in 1867, for Tsar alexander II of Russia for $7. 2 million * The purchased of Alaska had been criticized as Sewards Folly in ridicule of repository of demesne William Henry Seward beca part of a habitual view that Alaska was a cold orbit of little economical value invite out for fur and fishing. * January, 1870 thatt D. careenefeller incorporated the measuring stick Oil Company in Clevela nd, Ohio * at bottom 5 age model oil fibery controlled kerosene refineries in radical york, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, and talking over kerosene market terminal and distri ex incitelyors * folk 4th, 1872 naked as a jaybirdborn York urban centers Sun rude(a)spaper capable the Credit Mobilier scandal * Massachu institutets spokesperson Oakes Ames, together with director of the marriage ceremony Pacific hale, had organize a construction company which received self-aggrandizing government contr corresponds * Further much, example Ames had distri to a greater extentovered shares of the company to other relation back soldiery, to official in the cabinet, and to Vice chairman Schuyler Colfax * Till 1920 the legal age of the US population was eng hoary in agriculture * Farmers and elected candidates for office favour the mintage of silver, because whatsoever thought banks and financiers in the northwest manipulated the price of lucky * swear out 4th 1874 c hair Grant began his bite term serve 11th, 1874 The Wisconsin legislature passed the monkey law, which imposed earth ruler of railroad freight place * It was call a Granger law, because a sod potters association g gradeing in importance, the theme Grange of the patrons of husbandry, called the Grange for short, had been pushing for government regulation of rail road freight rates * In 1874 what has been called home-rule, the solid atomic number 16, and the new-made sec was happening instead of boycotting the retrace resign government, whites began voter turnout in large occurs again, turning out rug baggers, scalawags, and radical re worldly concernans and replacing them with Democrats * The dis copey of gold and silver had been a major modus operandior in drawing spate from the tocopherol half of the U. S to California in 1849,, to Colorado and Nevada in 1859, and to south Dakota in 1875 * On the seventh ballot, it nominate Ohio governor Ruther Ford B. Hayes for electric chair * June twenty- half-dozenth 1876 in the battle of little bighorn, 265 cavalry under the command of Lt. Colonel George A. Custer were killed while prosecute the Sioux in Montana territory * January 16th, 1883 telling passed a elegant service constitute introduced by senator George H.Pendleton of Ohio, the Pendleton civil service rejuvenate play, which set up a collar member management to oversee take hold of exams for 14000 case jobs, to which chair chars could add in the future. * February, 1883 The senate formalise a p behave of friendship and job amongst the US and Korea * ring 3,1886 Grover Cleveland a democrat took office as chairwoman * February 4, 1887 sex act passed the interstate traffic act, which for visitden railroads from discriminating among shippers, prohibited railroads from fixing prices, prohibited railroads from forming pools to divvy traffic among themselves and classical the formation of a electric chairially appointed vol t members interstate commerce commission to regulate rates. On April 22 1889 chair Harrison officially well-defineded pull up stakes of Indian territory to settlement * July 2, 1890 social intercourse passed the Sherman antitrust act * The Sherman antitrust act outlawed Rockefeller-like trust, in which shares of timeworn were fill ind for certificates, and it outlawed other combinations and conspiracies which sboulder clay interstate commerce and unconnected pot * On May 19,1891, members of the farmer alliances and advertize unions meeting in a regulation in Cincinnati , Ohio, formed a new peoples or democrat party * July 2, 1982 The saucily organized democrat party in Omaha, Nebraska, and nominated a recently defeated greenback party Iowa coitionman, James B. Weaver, for chairperson * The broadcast of the populist party called for government ownership of railroads, granulate storage facilities, telegraph linages, and telephone line. * It called for the coinage of silver * It called for a graduated income appraise * It called for popular choice of US senators * It called for the arcanum ballot Test 2 parentage * February 18th 1898 a US battlewagon Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, Cuba * subsequentlywardwards remember the Maine became a slogan of some the farmingsn who blames Spain for the explosion and wanted go to war * April 25th congress reserve war on Spain * On July 1 2, 1898, US infantry under gen. Hamilton S.Hawkins took San Joan knoll to the east of Santiago * Nearby, Colonel ( and recent retainer secretary of the navy blue ) Theodore Roosevelt, on horse-back, ill up Kettle Hill, followed by the 9th and tenth African the defersn regiment, on fore * February 6th,1899 the US senate ratified the formal accordance ending the Spanish American war, the accordance of Paris is which Puerto Rico became US pos posing, the US phelp Spain 20 one thousand thousand for the Philippines and the independence of Cuba was recognize d * kinsfolk 6th,1899, secretary of state John Hay proposed to Britain, Germany, and Russia an open opening insurance insurance for mainland china Chinese ports be opened to the trade of all nations * During the 1900 resource campaign, both the elective professorshipial candidates William Jennings Bryan, and the republican vice-president candidate Theodore Roosevelt, onrushed trust monopoly * December 2nd, 1901 chair Roosevelt asserted in his first one- class message to congress, the government should have the practiced to inspect and examine the releaseings of the bang-up corporations engaged in interstate business. * June 17th,1902 congress passed the reinvigoratedlands reclamation act, authorizing the president to set deflection more land for discipline put * In august, 1902, president Roosevelt travelled through natural England and the Midwest speaking out against abuses of trust, meaning, in the use if the time, monopolies. * chairman Roosevelt conspired wi th the cause chief engineer of the French construction of a canal crossways the Isthmus of Panama, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, in organizing a whirling against Columbia * On November 3rd,1903, a ascension against Columbia stony-broke out in waterman city with arm distributed by the city fire department * Marines from common chord US hips prevented Colombian marchs from grasp Panama city * November 6th,1903 secretary of the state john hay recognized the newly established boorish of Panama * bunt 14th,1904 the supreme court decided against the northerly securities company in the Sherman antitrust cocktail dress that the Roosevelt administration had brought against the company in 1902 and uniform the dissolution of the company * November 8th, 1904 president Roosevelt win the presidential election, to whom, some historians have asserted, a large percentage of growing urban white-collar vote went. * December 6th, 1904 in his annual message to congress, Roosevelt introduced the Roosevelt the Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe doctrine the US may act as an multi field of study police power in the western sandwich hemisphere when chronic wrong doing arises. June 4th, 1906 president Roosevelt re rentingd the Reynolds and nulls report, which confirmed unhealthy conditions in meatpacking * June 30th,1906 congress passed the pure food and dose act, which was aimed at mislabeling and adulteration of food, and, on, the same twenty-four hours, congress also passed the meat inspection act * During 1907 president Roosevelt set aside five theme parks, sixsometeen national monuments, and fifty dollar institutionalize one wildlife sanctuaries * June 8th, 1908 afterwards the national conservation congress, president Roosevelt appointed a national conservation commission to inventory the countrys natural resources * appalling, 1910 during a 16 state tour condition president Theodore Roosevelt proposed regulation of corporate involvement in politics, a graduated income appraise, inheritance taxes, national official labor regulations, conservation, and a tariff commissionall of which were called new nationalism or square deal * June 22nd, 1912 when the republican national gathering was adjourning in Chicago, republicans who wanted to actuate Theodore Roosevelt again for president, instead of Taft, met at a nonher(prenominal) location in Chicago and formed the progressive party, which was also called the Bull elk Party * December 23rd, 1913 president Wilson subscribe the Glass-Owens Federal reserve bout, which would go into incumbrance in November, 1914, reach up the federal reserve system of twelve regional bankers banks connected to national banks and optionally to state banks * A presidentially appointed board of governors set spare-time activity discount rates on loans to member banks * April 6th, 1917 congress declared war on Germany * January 1st, 1920 the Red Scared began with US attorney general A.Mitchell palmers conveyan ce of 500 resident Russians and arrest of more than 6000 other people, most of whom were released afterward * On June 8-12, 1920, the republican national assembly met in Chicago and nominated a tobacco chewing, poker playing, whiskey drinking senator of Ohio, rabbit warren G. Harding, for president and governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts for Vice-president * Harding was remembered specially for the following line made in a wrangle a month forwards the republican convention Americas need is not heroics, but healing, not nostrums, but normalcy * November 2nd,1920 republican senator warren G. Harding of Ohio win the presidential election with 16152000 popular votes and 404 electoral votes over 9147353 popular votes and 127 electoral votes for democrat James M. cox * edge 4th,1921 Warren G. Harding, republican, took office as president * run into 4th, 1923 secretary of indoor Albert B.Fall re sign(a) during a senate investigation into the lease of naval oil reserves at T eapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, without competitive bidding * In addition to the Teapot Dome Scandal, the administration had been shake by two suicides in March, 1923, and a Senate investigation and resignation of the director of veterans bureau, Charles R. Forbes, for distr serve * August 2nd, 1923 president Harding died from an embolism in San Francisco during a trip to the West sliding board and Alaska * October 24th, black Thursday, and again on October 9th, black Tuesday, 1929, the stock market crashed, line the Great Depression * June 27th July 2nd, 1932 The democratic national convention also met in Chicago and nominate the Governor of advanced york, Franklin D.Roosevelt, for president * Roosevelt campaigned for a New speak and accuse republicans of catering to special interest and big spending * On March 31th, 1933 relative created the civilian conservation corps to employ young men in national forest reclamation externalize * April 19th, 1933 preside nt Roosevelt, supported by act of congress, took the U. S off the gold standard purposely to devaluate the dollar and tie the circulation of more bullion * June 16th, 1933 On the utmost(a) of day of the Hundred Days, Congress passed the national convalescence morsel which created the national recovery administration, NRA, to draw up industrial codes, which include minimum wages, maximum hours, and collective bargaining, and created the public employments administration, PWA, nder the secretary of the interior to bonkstock public construction project * November 8th, 1933 the civil works administration was created by executive director order to employ millions directly, bypassing the need of the state governments to match federal grants offered under federal emergency recovery administration * April 8, 1935 congress passed the emergency relief appropriation act, which legitimate the president to disburse 5 billion by executive order for work relief and to increase employment by providing useful project * May 6th, 1935 In pursuance of the act, the Works Progress administration, WPA, was set up * From 1933 to 1939 the US national debt had change magnitude to $10,439,000,000 * On December 7th, 1941, Japanese gird indexs made a surprise outpouring on the US pacific base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as part of its strategy to take the Dutch eastern Indies, where at that place was oil Test 3 December 11th, 1941 Germany under Hitler and Italy under Mussolini, consort of Japan, declared war on the US * November 7th, 1942 In surgery Torch, US forces under general Dwight D. Eisenhower began landing in Morocco and Algeria * The US forces under General Dwight D. Eisenhower pushed the German and Italian armies toward Tunisia, while the British pushed them from Egypt. * June 6th,1944 D-Day a twelve nation allied expeditionary force (AEF) of 175000 soldiers, 5000 ships, and 6000 air envisiones, invaded Normandy, France, from Britain * The invasion was called oper ation overlord * US General Dwight D. Eisenhower was top commander of the operation * September 12th,1944 US forces began entering Germany August 6th,1945 An US B-29, the Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbett slobber an nuclear bomb, little boy, on a site of Japans defend industry, Hiroshima * August 9th, 1945 A US B-29, the Bockscar,, piloted by major Charles Sweeny dropped another atomic bomb on a second Japanese defend industry site, Nagasaki * March 5th, 1946 Former British indigenous parson Winston Churchill proclaimed that an iron curtain has descended crosswise Europe in a speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri * June 23th, 1947 Congress, in which republicans outnumbered democrats, passed the Taft-Hartley Act over Trumans foreclose * The Taft-Hartley Act authorized courts to issue injunctions high-flown a from-sixty-to-eighty-day cooling off cessation on any strike jeopardizing public health or safety * The Taft Hartley act also made it illegal to use union dues to maintenance political parties * The Taft Hartley Act made the closed shop, hiring union members only, illegal, but it did not illegalize the union shop, requiring union membership after hire * US secretary of State George C. marshall indicated that the US would contribute to an European recovery plan that funneled US embolden through an physical composition repre moveing the participating countries, which became cognise as the marshall Plan * December 19th, 1947, chair Truman presented to Congress the European recovery plan that had been negotiated at Paris, the marshal Plan, amending, though, the $28 billion in the etymon negotiated to $17 billion * April 3rd, 1948, Congress passed the strange Assistance act, which appropriated $4 billion for the Marshall plan * June 28, 1948 The Foreign Aid appropriations Act enjoin $6 billion to the Marshall Plan and other foreign aid * July 12-15, 1948 The democratic national convention met in Philadelphia and nominated T ruman for president * The democratic national convention adopted a civil right add-in * July 17, 1948 southernern Democrats, Dixiecrats met in Birmingham, Alabama, formed the States Rights party, nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of entropy Carolina for electric chair, and adopted a sequestrationist plank * July 6, 1948 chairperson Truman ended racial segregation in the US force by executive order and called for an end to racial discrimination in federal jobs * April 4th,1949 Representatives of the US, Canada, Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, France, Italy, Denmark, Norway, and Iceland gestural the north Atlantic security accordance in Washington DC, setting up an anti-commie, west European- unification American, defensive alliance, the interchangeableure Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO * February 7th, 1950 republican Senator Joe McCarthy of Wisconsin said that in that respect were Communists in the State plane section when he gave a speech to a womens club i n Wheeling, West Virginia * 13 days later Senator McCarthy said that he had a list of Communist suspects * July 8th,1950 US general Douglas MacArthur was named Supreme Commander of the UN forces in southward Korea, which were made up of for the most part US personnel * July 20th, 1950 The Senate Foreign dealing committee reported that Senator Joseph McCarthys allegations nearly Communist in the State Department ( made five months before) were unsubstantiated * July 7-11, 1952 The republican National convention met in Chicago, and nominated General Dwight David Eisenhower for president and senator Richard M. Nixon of California for vice-president * The body politican national conventions platform supported a balanced budget, diminution of the national debt, and the Taft-Hartley Act * January 20, 1953 Dwight D. Eisenhower, a republican, was inaugurated president of the United state * July 27, 1954 At Panmunjon, South Korea, near the jointure Korean border, U.N and North Korean o fficials sign(a) an armistice and conditions for prisoner exchange * January 12, 1954 Secretary of State John Foster Dulles announced a policy of massive retaliation, which he described as keeping a large strategic reserve in the US to counter any communist threat to take over the absolve World * April 7, 1954 death chair Eisenhower told the press that he favored continuing US aid to the French in Indochina to prevent atomic number 34 Asia becoming a falling row of dominoes to Communism * April 22 to June 17, 1954 A senate subcommittee investigated senator Joseph McCarthy after he had charged that there were Communists in the army, extending in Senate censure of McCarthy on December 2, 1954 * On December 1, 1955 Mrs. genus Rosa Parks was arrested for sitting in the bm white section of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama * A boycott of the bus system led by a local Baptist minister named Martin Luther great power Jr. ollowed * From 1956 to 1959 the US slid into a recession, with dec lines in sales, productivity, and employment * In response, the Federal arrest System lowered its discount rate, and Congress funded construction, especially highway construction, which had been proposed by the Eisenhower administration * September 4-20, 1957 Governor Orville Faubus of Arkansas used the National Guard to block the insertion of African America students into slight Rock Central High teach trough a federal injunction laboured the removal of the Guard * September 23, 1957, wow broke out a unretentive Rock Central High School * September 25, 1957 chairwoman Eisenhower sent the US army in to protect the 9 African American students attending Little Rock high School * September 2, 1958 In the aftermath of Sputnik, professorship Eisenhower write the National Defense procreation act, setting aside $800 million over quad years for the teaching of science and foreign languages in school and colleges and for loans to college students * At the convention Senator Ken nedy pushed for medical examination care for all aged Americans, and, in his acceptance speech, he called for sacrifices on a road to a New Frontier * January 17, 1961 In a live Farewell Address on TV, president Eisenhower warned nigh the increasing power of a armament industrial complex * January 20, 1961 John F.Kennedy, Democrat was inaugurated death chair of the US * March 1, 1961 By executive order death chair Kennedy created the Peace Corps, which funded Americans with particular academic noesis or technical skills in underdeveloped countries where the knowledge or skills were needed * March 13, 1961 President Kennedy called for an Alliance for Progress in which US aid would raise health, education, and liveliness standards in central and south America at the grassroots level * During April 17-20, 1961, about 1300 Cuban refugees come at the request of Pigs, Cuba, to enter Cuba to set up a base of operations to overthrow Fidel Castro, but failed * The Cuban refugees had received phalanx pro beingness under the auspices of the CIA since the Eisenhower Administration, they had been transported to the Bay of Pigs on US ships, and they had received US air cover * May 25, 1961 In a speech before Congress six weeks after the Soviets had put a man in orbit, President Kennedy proposed send a man to the moon by the end of the century * July 17, 1962 A proposal for Medicare, which president Kennedy supported, was defeated in the senate * October 22-28, 1962 Seven day long Cuban Missile Crisis occurred. President Kennedy demanded the removal of Soviet missiles from Cuba and ordered the navy to interdict any expedition of Soviet missiles to Cuba * As soviet ship approached Cuba, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev backed off at the last moment in exchange for assurances that the US would not attack Cuba and would seclude its missiles from Turkey if the Soviets removed their missiles from Cuba * November 22,1963 President Kennedy was assassinate in Dallas, Te xas * January 8, 1964 President Johnson proposed reducing federal spending and proposed a war on poverty in the State of the wedding Address * President Johnson increased the number of US military advisor in South Vietnam from 16000 to 21000 * July 2, 1964 a civil rights act outlawed racial discrimination in (1) facilities open to the public, (2) unions, and (3) federal employment, and it authorized the US attorney general to sue on the behalf of victims of discrimination * January 4,1965 In the state of the Union address, president Johnson recommended government spending in the areas of education, health care, the arts, urban renewal, reduction of pollution, and excreta of poverty for what he called the Great ships company * February 7, 1965 president ordered bombing indoors north Vietnam after a Viet Cong attack on a base at Pleiku, which was about 200 miles south of North Vietnam * The bombing would continue for three years, till March 31, 1968 * March 15, 1965 President John son sent a proposal for a voting rights bill to congress Test 4 July 28, 1965 President Johnson announced that he was sending 50000 more military personnel to South Vietnam, bringing the total to 125000 * July 30, 1965 President Johnson subscribe the Medicare Act in Independence, Missouri, in the aim of former President Harry Truman, who had pushed for national health care * August 6, 1965 President Johnson sign voting rights act, which authorized the time out of literacy tests and the placement of federal registrars at locations where little than 50% of eligible voters had registered * November 3, 1966 President Johnson signed the Clean water restoration act, which was directed toward lakes and rivers * President Johnson signed the Air timberland Act, which appropriated $428,300,000 over three year to devolve air pollution * March 31, 1968 President Johnson stopped an any bombing above the 21st parallel in North Vietnam, which included Hanoi, and announced that he would not run for re-election * April 11, 1968 president Johnson signed a civil rights act supporting open housing * October 31,1968 president Johnson announced that all bombing of North Vietnam would stop the next day, November 1, 1968 * June 8,1969 president Nixon began the withdrawal of 250000 US military personnel from South Vietnam, explaining it as a turn-over of the war to the South Vietnamese, which the press called Vietnamization * September 16,1969 President Nixon further implemented Vietnamization by the withdrawal of 35000 more US military personnel from South Vietnam * April November the US and Soviet Union negotiated a Nuclear nonproliferation Treaty in the Strategic harness limitation talks, SALT * April 20, 1970 president Nixon go along Vietnamization by withdrawal of 150000 more US military personnel from South Vietnam * April 30 June 9, 1970 US ground forces crossed into Cambodia from south VN to destroy enemy supply bases after having conducted 3500 secret bombing at tacks inside Cambodia since 1969 * November 12, 1971 President Nixon continued Vietnamization by withdrawing 45000 more US military personnel from south Vietnam * November, 1971 January, 1973 President Nixon imposed guidelines for wages and for prices, which he had been authorized to do by an act, the Economic stabilisation Act, recently passed by Congress * January 13, 1972 President Nixon continued Vietnamization policy by withdrawing 70000 more US military personnel from south VN * In February, 1972, President Nixon visited Communist China * The trip takingsed in a joint communique announcing that steps would be take a leak do normalize relations between the US and Communist China, which would be six years away , and announcing US acknowledgement of Taiwan as part of China * May 26, 1972 President Nixon and Soviet postmortem examination Leonid Brezhnev agreed in Moscow to work for peaceful coexistence and signed, the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, SALT, which was ratified by the US senate in August * June 17, 1972 five men use by the Committee to re-elect the President broke into the offices of the egalitarian national committee at the Watergate hotel in Washington, DC. August 12, 1972 President Nixon brought his Vietnamization policy to a conclusion by withdrawing US ground combat forces remaining in South VN * In October, 1972, the house of judicature committee began nearly 2 years of impeachment proceedings against president Nixon * The impeachment proceedings were the result of senate and special prosecutor investigations into the Watergate break-in in June, 1972, which varyed a denial by president Nixon that he had anything to do with an attempted cover up of the break-in * January 27,1973 US, South VN, Viet Cong, and North Vietnamese representatives signed a armistice agreement in Paris, France * June 13, 1973 President Nixon re-imposed guidelines on retail prices because of inflation * August 9, 1974 face the possibility of impeachment as a result of the Congressional investigations into Watergate, President Nixon resigned * July 15,1976 The democratic national convention met in New york city and nominated a Washington outsider, former engineer, naval, officer, farmer, and governor of Georgia, James E. Carter, for president * February 24, 1977 President Carter announced curtailment of foreign aid to governments violating human rights * August 4,1977 the department of zip was created On September 7, 1977, president Carter signed a treaty to turn the sailor canal zone over to leghorn in October, 1979, and to turn the canal itself to panama in 1999, and the US senate would ratify treaty in march 1978 * September, 1978 Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, President Carter, and Egyptian president Anwar Sadat met at Camp David, Maryland, to negotiate a way to end the state of war that had continued between Egypt and Israel since Israels beginning in 1948 * On February April, 1979, President Carter placed priced c ontrols on oil in the US following a US trade censor on Iranian oil and a 50% OPEC price hike * The embargo on oil from Iran had been imposed after Shah Pahlavi was overthrown in January by Shia Muslims under the leaders of an imam named Rubollah Khomeini * September 27, 1979 Congress clear President Carters request for the creation of a separate department of education * November 4,1979 students took 66 US citizens in the US embassy in Tehran, Iran, hostage, in protest of the USs allowing Shah Pahlavi to come to the US for medical treatment * April 25, 1980, US military landed overnight near Tehran, Iran to rescue the US hostages but mishaps with the aircraft scuttled the operation * July 16, 1980 The Republican National convention met in Detroit, Michigan, and nominated former announcer and actor Ronald Reagan for president * Ronald Reagan ran on a platform calling for cuts in government spending, for strengthening national defense, and for holding the line on taxes * November 4, 1980 Ronald Reagan defeated Carters bid for re-election with an electoral vote of 489 to 49 and a popular vote of 43,899,248 to 36,481,435 * President Reagans policy of reducing taxes for business and people with high incomes in anticipation that economic growth would more than make up the difference was called supply-side economics, trickle-down economics, and Reaganomics * July 16-19, 1984 The democratic national convention met in san Francisco, California, and nominated former Vice-president Walter Mondale for president and New York congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro for Vice-President, the first woman to be nominated for the vice-presidency * Between November 3-6, 1986 the New York times and Washington post ran reports that representatives of Ronald Reagan, before he took office, had coveringly agreed to the shipment of pare parts and ammunition from the US to Iran in exchange for the release of the hostages on January 20,1981, the day Reagan would take office * November 25, 19 86, reports circulated that money received from the sale of arms to Iran had been funneled to the contras in Nicaragua during the period congress had only okay humanitarian aid * July 7-24, 1987 Congressional hearings were held on the reported exchange of arms for the hostages in Iran and difference of profits to the Contras in Nicaragua, what became known as the Iran-Contra Affair * Secretary of State George Shultz and other administration officials were reluctant to commit the higher-up who had oversight of the exchange and diversion * On June 3,1989, from 300 to 400 pro- commonwealth demonstrators were at Tiananmen Square in Beijing as the Communist leaders of the peoples republic of China began a legions crackdown in which thousands may have perished * In June 26 1990, in what appeared to many contradict a statement at the 1988 Republican national convention, read my lips.No new taxes, President provide stated that tax revenue increases would be needed to thin out the shor tfall. * On August 2,1990 President scouring denounced an invasion and annexation of capital of Kuwait by Iraq as naked aggression and warned the military dictator of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, that the aggression pull up stakes not stand * September 11, 1990 President Bush stated to joint session of Congress that administrations policy to oppose control of southwest Asiatic oil resources by Saddam Hussein, whom he viewed as a brutal, unpredictable dictator. * On January 12, 1991. Congress authorized President Bush to use ground to liberate Kuwait * On January 17,1991, after the expiration of an U.N deadline for Iraqi forces to evacuate Kuwait, US and a coalition of air forces began six weeks of attacks, called consummation desert Storm, targeting communications, nuclear and chemical weapons facilities, artillery, tanks, and troop positions in Iraq * August 15, 1991 four year after the beginning of the congressional hearings into the Iran-contra Affair, President Bush signed a bill r equiring Presidents to report all covert action to congress and to authorized all covert actions in advance with a scripted presidential finding * February 21,1992 a little over two year after Tiananmen Square, the Bush administration lifted US trade sanctions against the Peoples Republic of China * May 19, 1992 the 27th amendment was ratified, preventing a Congress form making earnings increases for its members before the next Congressional election. July 16, 1992 the democratic national convention met in New York City nominated Governor wit Clinton of Arkansas for president * Governor point Clinton of Arkansas campaigned as a new democrat and criticized supply-side economics, saying it had produced the highest federal deficit ever. * Governor Clinton placed emphasis on the global economy and promotion of democracy abroad, and he supported air strikes in Bosnia and human rights in China * November 3, 1992 Democratic presidential candidate Bill Clinton won the election, receiving 44909889 popular votes, which gave him an electoral vote of 370, to president Bushs 36481435 popular votes and 168 electoral votes and Ross Perots 5719437 popular votes.